Iyini ithuluzi lomshini we-CNC?
Ithuluzi lomshini we-CNC liyithuluzi lomshini elingalawulwa uhlelo lwekhompyutha. Lingaqedela ngokuzenzakalelayo imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yokucubungula eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwezinhlelo zokucubungula ezihleliwe. I-CNC yisifinyezo se-“Computer Numerical Control”, okuyi-computer numbering control.
Umshini wokugaya we-CNC inqubo yokukhiqiza esusa izinto ezisetshenziswa yikhompyutha ukususa izinto zokusebenza ukuze kukhiqizwe izingxenye. Ngokuvamile, amathuluzi omshini we-CNC ahlela ngokuzenzakalelayo indlela yokucubungula ngokusekelwe kumodeli ye-CAD enezinhlangothi ezintathu futhi alawule ithuluzi ukuze lisike endleleni ukuze kufezwe ukuma kwengxenye.
Lesi sihloko sizokwethula izinhlobo ezahlukene zamathuluzi omshini we-CNC nokuthi asebenza kanjani.
1. Umshini we-CNC we-Router
Umshini we-CNC we-router ufana nomshini wokugaya we-CNC kodwa ngokuvamile usetshenziselwa ukugaya izinto ezithambile futhi ngokuvamile awunembile kangako kune-CNC Mills. Ama-router e-CNC aziwa ngekhono lawo lokusebenzisa ukulawula kwezinombolo zekhompyutha ukuhambisa izindlela ze-spindle kanye namathuluzi omshini ukuklama nokubumba izinto ezifana nokhuni, insimbi, i-foam, izinhlanganisela, i-aluminium, kanye nepulasitiki.
Ama-router e-CNC ngokuvamile aqukethe ama-stepper motors, ama-stepper driver, isisekelo somshini, i-spindle, abalawuli, kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla. Ama-router e-CNC asiza ukunciphisa imfucuza, ukwandisa umkhiqizo kanye nokunemba, futhi akhiqize imikhiqizo ngokushesha.
2. Umshini Wokubhoboza i-CNC
Umshini wokubhoboza we-CNC usetshenziselwa izinqubo zomshini ezidinga ukukhiqiza imigodi esilinda endaweni yokusebenza ngokubhoboza. Usebenzisa ama-drill bits ajikelezayo anomklamo ovumela insimbi engcolile, eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-chips, ukuthi iwele endaweni yokusebenza ngesikhathi sokwenza imigodi.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezivamile zama-drill bits angasetshenziswa nomshini wokubhoboza we-CNC, ngayinye ifanele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene. Izinhlobo zifaka phakathi ama-drill okuthola amabala emigodi yokuqala, ama-drill okubhoboza imigodi ejulile, ama-drill omshini wokubhoboza imigodi eqondile, kanye nama-chucking reamers okuqeda imigodi ngobukhulu obufunwayo.
Njengeminye imishini ye-CNC, umshini wokubhoboza we-CNC usebenzisa ukulawulwa kwezinombolo zekhompyutha ukuze wenze inqubo yokubhoboza ibe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Uqondisa izindawo ze-drill bit kanye namaphethini okunyakaza ngokwezindlela zamathuluzi ezihleliwe. Lokhu kuvumela ukubhoboza ngokunembile imigodi eminingi endaweni yokusebenza ngokunemba nangokuphindaphindeka. Imishini yokubhoboza ye-CNC iyasiza lapho izingxenye eziningi zidinga amaphethini noma osayizi bemigodi efanayo ekhiqizwa ngezinqubo zokubhoboza ezenzakalelayo.
3. Umshini we-Lathe CNC
Umshini we-Lathe CNC usetshenziselwa izinqubo zomshini ezihilela ukujika noma ukubumba izingcezu zomsebenzi ezijikelezayo. Usebenzisa amathuluzi okusika anephuzu elilodwa, ukwakheka kwawo kuyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe kuhlelo lokusebenza oluthile lokujika, njengokugoqa, ukuqeda, ukujongana, ukuchusha, ukwakha, ukusika ngaphansi, ukuhlukanisa kanye nokugaya.
Umshini we-Lathe CNC wenza inqubo yokujika ibe ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokulawula izinombolo zekhompyutha. Uqondisa izindawo zokusika kanye nokunyakaza ngokwezindlela zamathuluzi ezihleliwe. Lokhu kuvumela izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye namajiyometri ukuthi kukhiqizwe kusuka ezintweni zokusebenza eziyisilinda ngokunemba nangokuphindaphindeka.
Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zama-lathe e-CNC afanelekela izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene. Izinhlobo ezivamile zifaka phakathi ama-turret lathe afanelekela ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi ngokushintsha kwamathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo, ama-lathe enjini okujika izinjongo ezijwayelekile, kanye nama-lathe ezinhloso ezikhethekile aklanyelwe ama-geometri noma izinto ezithile.
Inqubo yokujika i-CNC ithuthukisa umkhiqizo kune-lathes ezenziwe ngesandla ngokuvumela ukusebenza okungahleliwe kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezingxenye eziningi ukuze kufinyelele ezicini eziqondile. Imishini ye-CNC ye-Lathe iwusizo kakhulu embonini yokukhiqiza izimoto, izindiza kanye nokunemba lapho inani elikhulu lezingxenye eziguqulwayo kudingeka zisetshenziswe ngomshini ngokunembile nangendlela efanele.
4. Umshini we-CNC we-5-Axis
Umshini we-CNC onama-axis ama-5 uthuthukisa amakhono emishini yokugaya yendabuko enama-axis ama-3 ngokungeza ama-axes amabili ajikelezayo engeziwe, okwenza kube lula ukusebenza kwejometri eziyinkimbinkimbi nge-clamping eyodwa.
Ngaphezu kwezimbazo ezintathu eziqondile (X, Y, Z) zokubeka ithuluzi lokusika, umshini we-CNC onezimbazo ezi-5 uhlanganisa izimbazo ezimbili ezengeziwe ezijikelezayo ku-spindle yokusika noma itafula elijikayo/elijikelezayo. Lokhu kunikeza amazinga amabili enkululeko yokubeka umsebenzi.
Ngokutshekisa nokuzungezisa isithako sokubamba umsebenzi (ithebula le-trunnion), umshini we-5-axis uvumela ithuluzi lokusika ukuthi lifinyelele futhi lisebenzise ubuso obuhlanu besithako somsebenzi se-prismatic kuma-engeli angama-90 degrees ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusetha kabusha isithako somsebenzi phakathi kokusebenza.
Ama-axe amabili engeziwe ajikelezayo (ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi i-A-axis kanye ne-C-axis) athuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle komshini ngokususa isidingo sokubopha okuningi kanye nokusetha. Amajiyometri ayinkimbinkimbi njengezinhlobo eziqoshiwe angacutshungulwa ngomshini aqediwe ngokubopha okukodwa emshinini we-CNC one-axis ezi-5.
Ithola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi embonini yezindiza, i-die/mold kanye nezokwelapha lapho izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi zivame khona. Umshini wokugaya we-CNC one-axis engu-5 uvame ukusetshenziselwa ukubumba ngenxa yamandla awo omshini wokufaka izindawo ezikhululekile.
5. Umshini Wokugaya I-CNC
Umshini wokugaya i-CNC usebenzisa amathuluzi okusika anamaphuzu amaningi ajikelezayo ukuze akheke kahle futhi asebenze kahle. Amathuluzi okugaya avamile afaka phakathi izigayo zokugcina, izigayo ezilengayo, kanye nezigayo ze-chamfer, ezingaqondiswa ngokuvundlile noma ngokuqonde ngqo ngokusekelwe kuhlelo lokusebenza oluthile lokugaya.
Umshini we-Milling CNC wenza inqubo yokugaya ibe ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokulawula izinombolo zekhompyutha. Uqondisa indawo yamathuluzi okusika kanye nendlela yokuhamba ngokwezindlela zamathuluzi ezihleliwe. Lokhu kwenza amaphrofayili ayinkimbinkimbi kanye nejometri kukhiqizwe ngezinto zokusetshenziswa noma ukuphonswa ngokunemba nangokuphindaphindeka.
Imishini yokugaya i-CNC, ebizwa nangokuthi imishini yokugaya noma imishini yokugaya, iyatholakala kokubili ngezindlela ezivundlile neziqondile. Imishini yokugaya eyisisekelo ye-CNC inikeza ama-axes amathathu aqondile okunyakaza (X, Y, Z), kuyilapho amamodeli athuthukile kakhulu efaka ama-axes engeziwe ajikelezayo ukuze kube lula ukufinyelela kuwo.
Izinhlobo ezivamile zemishini yokugaya ye-CNC zifaka phakathi izigayo zesandla zezingxenye ezincane, izigayo ezicacile noma eziqondile zomshini ojwayelekile, izigayo ezijwayelekile ezifanele imisebenzi eyahlukahlukene, kanye nezigayo ezibanzi ezinikeza ukuguquguquka okuphezulu ngokusebenzisa ama-axes amane noma amahlanu.
Inqubo yokugaya i-CNC ithuthukisa umkhiqizo kunemishini yokugaya ngesandla. Ivumela ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ezigayiwe ezingenamuntu kanye nobuningi ukuba kube nokubekezelelana okuqinile. Imishini yokugaya i-CNC isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini zokukhiqiza izingxenye zokugaya ezenziwe ngezinsimbi, amapulasitiki, ukhuni, izinhlanganisela nokuningi.
6. Umshini we-CNC wokusika nge-Laser
Umshini we-CNC wokusika nge-laser usebenzisa i-laser enamandla amakhulu ukusika izinto ngokuzincibilikisa, ukuzishisa, noma ukuziphefumula. Ivumela ukusika ngokunembile amaphethini namaphrofayili ayinkimbinkimbi.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-laser yezimboni ezisetshenziswa emishinini yokusika i-laser zifaka:
- Ama-laser e-CO2: Enye yama-laser egesi avame kakhulu asebenzisa ingxube yegesi ye-carbon dioxide. Ifanelekela ukusika izinto ezingezona izinsimbi njengokhuni, ipulasitiki, izindwangu. Ingasika nezinsimbi ezithambile.
- Ama-laser e-Solid-state: Ngokuvamile ama-laser e-Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (YAG) asebenzisa i-Neodymium njengento esebenzayo. Anamandla kakhulu kune-CO2 lasers futhi ayakwazi ukusika izinsimbi ezijiyile neziqinile.
- Ama-laser e-Fiber: Uhlobo olusha lwe-laser oluqinile olunekhwalithi ephezulu ye-beam. Lusebenza kahle kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kokusika insimbi ngokunemba.
Imishini ye-CNC yokusika nge-laser iqondisa umsebe we-laser ngokuya ngezindlela zamathuluzi ezihleliwe kusetshenziswa i-xy gantries kanye nokulawula kwe-CNC. Osayizi bomsebenzi abavamile basukela kudeskithophu kuya kumishini emikhulu.
I-laser inikeza ukusika okuhlanzekile ngokunemba okuphezulu kanye nendawo encane ethinteke kakhulu ekushiseni. Ivumela ukusika okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto eziningi ezahlukene. Ukusika i-laser kusetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni, ekwenzeni amaphrothotayipu kanye nasezimbonini zezimoto/zezindiza.
7. Umshini we-CNC wokusika i-Plasma
Umshini we-CNC osika i-plasma usebenzisa ithoshi le-plasma ukusika izinto ezihambisa ugesi. Usebenza ngokudlulisa igesi enesivinini esikhulu, njenge-oxygen noma umoya, nge-nozzle bese wenza i-arc kagesi ngaphansi kwethoshi elifaka i-ion ku-plasma ehambisa ugesi.
Umfudlana we-plasma ube usudlulisela ukushisa nogesi ezintweni zokusebenza, ukusika phakathi kwawo ngokuncibilikisa nokuhwamuka. Izinto ezivamile ezisikwa emishinini yokusika i-plasma zifaka insimbi, insimbi engagqwali, i-aluminium, ithusi kanye nethusi.
Emshinini wokusika i-plasma we-CNC, ithoshi le-plasma lilawulwa uhlelo lwe-CNC ngokwezindlela zamathuluzi ezihleliwe. Lokhu kuvumela ukusika okunembile okulawulwa yikhompyutha kwezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-2D kanye ne-3D ezenziwe ngensimbi.
Izici ezibalulekile zemishini ye-CNC yokusika nge-plasma zifaka phakathi ikhono lokusika izinto zepuleti elijiyile, ikhwalithi enhle yokusika enezindawo ezincane ezithinteke ngokushisa, kanye nesivinini sokusika esisheshayo. Zifaneleka kahle ekukhiqizweni, ekugcinweni nasekulungisweni.
Uhlelo lwe-CNC luhlinzeka ngokusika okuzenzakalelayo, okuphindaphindwayo futhi luvumela ukusebenza okungenamuntu. Ukusika nge-plasma kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezifana nezimoto, ukukhiqiza, ukwakha imikhumbi kanye nokwakha ukusika, ukugoqa kanye nokuhlikihla izingxenye zensimbi kanye nezingxenye.
8. Umshini we-CNC wokukhipha ugesi
Umshini we-CNC wokukhipha ugesi, owaziwa nangokuthi i-EDM (umshini wokukhipha ugesi) noma umshini we-CNC wokuguguleka kwenhlansi, usebenzisa inqubo ye-thermoelectric yama-spark kagesi ukusika izinto ezihambisa ugesi.
Isebenza ngokusebenzisa izinhlansi zikagesi ezikhiqizwa ngomehluko we-voltage phakathi kwama-electrode amabili - i-electrode yamathuluzi kanye nezinto zokusebenza - ukuqeda inani elincane lezinto ngokuncibilika nokuhwamuka. Amanzi ahlanziwe asetshenziselwa ukususa udoti.
Kumshini we-EDM CNC, i-electrode yamathuluzi ixhunywe ohlelweni lwe-CNC futhi ibekwe kahle futhi ilawulwe ngokwezindlela zamathuluzi ezihleliwe. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-3D zenziwe ngomshini ngezinsimbi eziqinile kanye nama-alloy okunzima ukuwasika ngezindlela zendabuko.
Ezinye izinzuzo ezibalulekile zemishini ye-EDM CNC zifaka phakathi ikhono lomshini wo ...
Izicelo ezivamile zifaka phakathi isikhunta, ama-dies, izingxenye zezindiza kanye nokufakelwa kokuhlinzwa ngenxa yokuthi inqubo ayithinti futhi ikhiqiza amandla amancane omshini ku-workpiece. Imishini ye-EDM CNC ifaneleka kahle ekukhiqizweni kwezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ngobuningi obuphansi.
9. Nazi amaphuzu abalulekile mayelana nomshini wokugaya i-CNC:
- - Umshini wokugaya we-CNC usebenzisa isondo elijikelezayo elihudulayo ukusika nokubumba izingxenye zensimbi ngenqubo yomshini yokuhuzuka.
- - Isondo lokugaya elinamandla, elivame ukwenziwa ngamadayimane noma i-CBN (i-cubic boron nitride), lisusa izingcezu ezincane zensimbi uma lixhunywa nento yokusebenza. Ukulawula okunembile kuyadingeka ukuze kufezwe ukubekezelelana okuqinile.
- - Emshinini wokugaya we-CNC, isondo lokugaya kanye nomsebenzi wokusebenza kubekwe kahle futhi kuhanjiswe uhlelo lwe-CNC ngokwekhodi ehleliwe. Lokhu kwenza amaphrofayili e-3D ayinkimbinkimbi agaywe ngokuzenzakalelayo.
- - Imisebenzi evamile yokugaya ihlanganisa ukugaya okusilinda (izindawo zangaphandle noma zangaphakathi), ukugaya okungaphezulu (izindawo ezisicaba), ukugaya okungenasikhungo kanye nokugaya iphrofayili.
- - Izingxenye ezenziwe ngemishini yokugaya i-CNC zidinga ukunemba okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nokuqedwa kwendawo. Ngokuvamile ziyizingxenye zemishini ezinembile njenge-camshafts, ama-ball bearings, namagiya.
- - Izimboni ezisebenzisa ukugaya i-CNC zifaka phakathi izimoto, izindiza, ezokwelapha kanye nokukhiqiza okuvamile lapho ukubekezelelana okuqinile kubalulekile khona.
- - Izinzuzo ngaphezu kokugaya okuvamile zifaka phakathi ukunemba okuphindaphindwayo, ukulawula okunezingqimba eziningi kanye nekhono lokugaya ama-contour ayinkimbinkimbi namaphrofayili ngaphandle kokunakwa.
Ngakho-ke ngamafuphi, umshini wokugaya we-CNC ubumba ngokunembile izingxenye zensimbi ngokusebenzisa umshini wokugaya amasondo ozenzakalelayo olawulwa uhlelo lokulawula izinombolo lwekhompyutha.
10. Nazi amaphuzu abalulekile ngomshini we-CNC onezinguquko zamathuluzi ezizenzakalelayo:
- - Inephephabhuku/i-carousel yamathuluzi ephethe amathuluzi amaningi njengemishini yokubhoboza, imishini yokugaya, ama-router njll. eduze kwendawo yokusebenza yomshini.
- - Isishintshi samathuluzi esizenzakalelayo sivumela ukushintshwa kwamathuluzi ngokushesha nangokuzenzakalela njengoba kudingeka ngesikhathi senqubo yokugaya i-CNC ngaphandle kokungenelela ngesandla.
- - Lokhu kuthuthukisa kakhulu umkhiqizo ngokunciphisa isikhathi sokunganciphisi uma kuqhathaniswa nokushintsha kwamathuluzi ngesandla. Izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ezidinga amathuluzi amaningi zingashintshwa ngomshini ngaphandle kokuyeka inqubo.
- - Amathuluzi ayathathwa/ashintshwa ngerobhothi kusuka kumagazini bese efakwa ku-spindle kusetshenziswa ingalo yokushintsha ithuluzi ezenzakalelayo ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwe-CNC.
- - Kwandisa amandla okuthwala amathuluzi omshini ngale kwethuluzi elilodwa, okuvumela ukucutshungulwa kwezingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokulayisha kabusha amathuluzi ngesandla.
- - Amathuluzi aphukile noma agugile angashintshwa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokuyeka wonke umkhiqizo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuthembeka kanye nesikhathi sokusebenza.
- - Ukulinganisa amathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo nakho kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kwejometri ngemva kokushintsha ngakunye.
- - Ishukumisela imishini ye-CNC ekukhiqizeni izibani ezicimayo/ezingaqhutshwanga muntu ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu okuncane.
Ngakho-ke ngamafuphi, ukushintsha amathuluzi okuzenzakalelayo kuthuthukisa ukuguquguquka kanye nokukhiqiza kwemishini ye-CNC.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-08-2023
