Ubwoko 10 bw'imashini za CNC

Igikoresho cy'imashini ya CNC ni iki?

Igikoresho cya CNC ni igikoresho cya mashini gishobora kugenzurwa na porogaramu ya mudasobwa. Gishobora kurangiza imirimo itandukanye igoye yo gutunganya hakurikijwe porogaramu zateguwe. CNC ni incamake ya "Computer Numerical Control", ari byo bisobanuye igenzura ry'imibare rya mudasobwa.

Uburyo bwo gutunganya CNC ni uburyo bwo gukora ibikoresho bicungwa na mudasobwa mu buryo bworoshye, bukoresha ibikoresho by’imashini bigenzurwa na mudasobwa kugira ngo bikureho ibikoresho byo gukora kugira ngo bikore ibice. Ubusanzwe, ibikoresho by’imashini bya CNC bigena inzira yo gutunganya ibikoresho hakurikijwe imiterere ya CAD y’ibice bitatu, kandi bigategeka igikoresho kugira ngo gice mu nzira kugira ngo kigere ku ishusho y’igice.

Iyi nkuru izagaragaza ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibikoresho bya CNC n'uko bikora.

1. Imashini ya CNC ya Router

Imashini ya CNC ya router ni nk'uruganda rwa CNC ariko muri rusange ikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibikoresho byoroshye kandi ubusanzwe ntabwo ikora neza cyane nka CNC Mills. Routers za CNC zizwiho ubushobozi bwo gukoresha uburyo bwa mudasobwa bwo kugenzura imibare mu gukwirakwiza inzira za spindle n'ibikoresho by'imashini mu gushushanya no gushushanya ibikoresho nk'ibiti, icyuma, ifuro, ibivanze, aluminiyumu na pulasitiki.

Routa za CNC ubusanzwe zigizwe na moteri zigenda ziyongera, abakoresha stepper, ishingiro rya mechanical, spindle, controllers, n'amashanyarazi. Routa za CNC zifasha kugabanya imyanda, kongera umusaruro no gukora neza, no gukora ibicuruzwa vuba.

2. Imashini yo gucukura CNC

 Imashini icukura ya CNC ikoreshwa mu gutunganya imashini isaba gukora imyobo y'uruziga mu gice cy'umurimo binyuze mu gucukura. Ikoresha utubuto two gucukura tuzenguruka, imiterere yatwo ituma imyanda, izwi nka chips, igwa ikava mu gice cy'umurimo mu gihe cyo gukora imyobo.

Hari ubwoko bwinshi busanzwe bw'uduce two gucukura dushobora gukoreshwa n'imashini icukura ya CNC, buri imwe ikwiriye gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye. Ubwoko burimo imashini zicukura aho zitangira imyobo, imashini zicukura aho zicukura imyobo miremire, imashini zicukura aho zicukura imyobo yihariye, n'imashini zicukura aho zicukura kugira ngo zirangize imyobo ku bunini bukenewe.

Kimwe n'izindi mashini za CNC, imashini ya CNC icukura ikoresha uburyo bwa mudasobwa bwo kugenzura imibare kugira ngo ikoreshwe mu buryo bwikora. Iyobora ahantu hacukurwa n'imiterere y'imigendekere hakurikijwe inzira z'ibikoresho byateguwe. Ibi bituma hacukurwa neza imyobo myinshi mu gice cy'akazi kandi bigasubiramo neza. Imashini za CNC zicukura ni ingirakamaro iyo ibice byinshi bikeneye imiterere cyangwa ingano imwe y'imyobo ikorwa binyuze mu buryo bwikora.

3. Imashini ya CNC ikoresha imashini ya Lathe

Imashini ya Lathe CNC ikoreshwa mu gutunganya ibikoresho birimo guhindukiza cyangwa kubumba ibikoresho bizunguruka. Ikoresha ibikoresho byo gukata bifite imiterere imwe, imiterere yabyo igatandukana bitewe n'uburyo bizunguruka, nko gukurura, kurangiza, kureba, gukurura, gushushanya, gukata munsi y'imashini, gutandukanya no gukata.

Imashini ya Lathe CNC yikora ku buryo bworoshye inzira yo guhindukira binyuze mu kugenzura imibare ya mudasobwa. Iyobora aho ibikoresho byo gukata biherereye n'ingendo zabyo hakurikijwe inzira zateguwe. Ibi bituma imiterere n'ubumetero bigoye bikorwa bivuye mu bikoresho by'umuzenguruko mu buryo bunonosoye kandi bushobora gusubiramo.

Hari ubwoko butandukanye bwa CNC lathes zikoreshwa mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Ubwoko busanzwe burimo lathes za turret zikoreshwa mu gukora ibintu byinshi hamwe no guhindura ibikoresho byikora, lathes za moteri zikoreshwa mu guhindura ibintu muri rusange, hamwe na lathes zikoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye zigenewe imiterere cyangwa ibikoresho runaka.

Uburyo bwo guhindura CNC bwongera umusaruro kuruta gukoresha imashini zikora imashini zikoresha intoki binyuze mu gutuma imikorere n'ikorwa ry'ibice byinshi bitagengwa n'umuntu bigerwaho neza. Imashini zikora i ...

4. Imashini ya CNC ifite umurongo wa 5

Imashini ya CNC ifite umurongo 5 yongera ubushobozi bw'imashini zisanzwe zisya zifite umurongo 3, yongeraho izindi mashini ebyiri zizunguruka, bigatuma habaho gutunganya imiterere y'ijimetero igoye mu buryo bumwe.

Uretse imishumi itatu igororotse (X, Y, Z) yo gushyira igikoresho cyo gukata, imashini ya CNC ifite imishumi itanu ikoresha imishumi ibiri y’inyongera ku mashini ikata cyangwa ameza azunguruka/azunguruka. Ibi bitanga indi mishumi ibiri y’ubwisanzure bwo gushyira igikoresho cyo gukata.

Mu kuzunguruka no kuzunguruka igikoresho gifata akazi (ameza y'imigozi), imashini ifite umurongo 5 yemerera igikoresho cyo gukata kugera no gusimbuza impande eshanu z'agakoresho gakozwe mu buryo bwa prismatic ku nguni za dogere 90 bitabaye ngombwa ko usubiza inyuma agakoresho hagati y'ibikorwa.

Izindi mpande ebyiri zizunguruka (zikunze kwitwa A-axis na C-axis) zinoza cyane imikorere myiza y’imashini mu gukuraho gukenera gufunga no gushyiraho ibintu byinshi. Imiterere y’ijimetero nk’imiterere y’ibishushanyo ishobora gucukurwa mu buryo bwo gufunga rimwe ku mashini ya CNC ifite amashami 5.

Ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda z’indege, ibyuma bikozwe mu buryo bwa die/mold ndetse n’ubuvuzi aho ibice bigoye bikunze gukoreshwa. Imashini za CNC zifite umurongo wa 5-axis nazo zikunze gukoreshwa mu gushushanya bitewe n’ubushobozi bwazo bwo gushushanya ubuso buhinduka.

5. Imashini isya CNC

Imashini ikoresha uburyo bwo gusya ikoresha uburyo bwinshi bwo gukata kugira ngo ikore neza kandi ikoreshe ibyuma. Ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gusya birimo inganda zisoza, inganda zizunguruka, n'inganda zikoresha uburyo bwa chamfer, zishobora kwerekezwa mu buryo butambitse cyangwa buhagaze hashingiwe ku buryo bwihariye bwo gusya.

Imashini yo gusya CNC ikora mu buryo bwikora ikoresheje uburyo bwa mudasobwa bwo kugenzura imibare. Iyobora aho igikoresho cyo gukata giherereye n'inzira y'uburyo gishyirwa mu bikorwa hakurikijwe inzira z'ibikoresho byateguwe. Ibi bituma imiterere n'imiterere y'ibintu bigoye bikorerwa mu bikoresho fatizo cyangwa mu buryo bwo gusukamo ibintu mu buryo bunoze kandi bushobora gusubiramo ibintu.

Imashini zisya za CNC, zizwi kandi nk'imashini zisya cyangwa inganda, ziraboneka haba mu buryo butambitse no mu buryo buhagaze. Imashini z'ibanze za CNC zitanga imigozi itatu y'umurongo (X, Y, Z), mu gihe moderi zigezweho zirimo izindi migozi zizunguruka kugira ngo zongere ubushobozi bwo kuzigeraho.

Ubwoko busanzwe bw'imashini zisya za CNC burimo inganda zikoresha intoki zikoreshwa mu bice bito, inganda zisanzwe cyangwa zihagaze zo gukoresha mu gutunganya ibintu rusange, inganda zisanzwe zikwiriye ibikorwa bitandukanye, n'inganda zisanzwe zitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora ibintu binyuze mu migozi ine cyangwa itanu.

Uburyo bwo gusya bwa CNC bwongera umusaruro kurusha ibyuma bikoreshwa n'intoki. Butuma ibikoresho bikozwe mu buryo butari ubw'umukozi cyangwa bwinshi bishobora gukorerwa mu buryo buciriritse. Imashini zitunganya za CNC zikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zikora ibikoresho bikozwe mu byuma, pulasitiki, imbaho, ibintu bivanze n'ibindi.

6. Imashini ya CNC ikata hakoreshejwe laser

 Imashini ya CNC ikata hakoreshejwe laser ikoresha laser ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu gukata ibikoresho binyuze mu kubishongesha, kubitwika, cyangwa kubihindura umwuka. Ituma hakorwa neza imiterere n'imiterere igoye.

Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwa laser yo mu nganda ikoreshwa mu mashini zica laser burimo:

- Laser ya CO2: Imwe muri laser ya gaze ikoreshwa cyane ikoresha uruvange rwa gaze ya karuboni. Ikwiriye gukata ibintu bitari ibyuma nk'ibiti, pulasitiki, imyenda. Ishobora kandi gukata ibyuma bimwe na bimwe byoroheje.

- Lazeri zo mu rwego rwo hejuru: Ubusanzwe lazeri za Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (YAG) zikoresha Neodymium nk'ikintu gikora. Zirakomeye kurusha lazeri za CO2 kandi zishobora gukata ibyuma binini kandi bikomeye.

- Fiber lasers: Ubwoko bushya bwa laser ifite imiterere ikomeye kandi ifite ubwiza bw'umuraba. Ikora neza cyane mu gukata ibyuma neza.

Imashini zikata laser ziyobora urumuri rwa laser hakurikijwe inzira zateguwe hakoreshejwe xy gantries na CNC control. Ingano zisanzwe z'akazi zirimo kuva kuri mudasobwa kugeza ku mashini nini.

Laser itanga uburyo bwo guca neza kandi ikora neza cyane kandi ikagira imiterere mike iterwa n'ubushyuhe. Yemerera guca ibintu bitandukanye mu buryo bugoye. Guca ibintu hakoreshejwe laser bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda, mu gukora ibishushanyo mbonera no mu nganda zikora imodoka/ikirere.

7. Imashini yo gukata plasma CNC

Imashini ikata plasma ikoresha itoroshi ya plasma mu gukata ibikoresho bitwara amashanyarazi. Ikora binyuze mu kohereza umwuka wihuta cyane, nka ogisijeni cyangwa umwuka, mu muyoboro w'amazi hanyuma igakora umurongo w'amashanyarazi munsi y'urumuri ushyira iyoni muri plasma itwara amashanyarazi.

Hanyuma umugezi wa plasma wohereza ubushyuhe n'amashanyarazi ku bikoresho by'akazi, ukabyica ukoresheje gushonga no gushonga. Ibikoresho bisanzwe bicibwa ku mashini zica plasma birimo icyuma, icyuma kidashonga, aluminiyumu, umuringa n'umuringa.

Ku mashini ikata plasma ya CNC, itoroshi ya plasma igenzurwa na sisitemu ya CNC hakurikijwe inzira zateguwe. Ibi bituma hagenzurwa neza imiterere ya 2D na 3D ikoresheje icyuma.

Ibintu by'ingenzi bigize imashini za CNC zikata plasma birimo ubushobozi bwo gukata ibikoresho binini bya plate, ubwiza bwo gukata neza hamwe n'ahantu hatagira ubushyuhe bwinshi, hamwe n'umuvuduko wo gukata vuba. Zikwiriye cyane mu gukora, kubungabunga no gusana.

Sisitemu ya CNC itanga uburyo bwo gukata bukoresha ikoranabuhanga, bushobora gusubirwamo kandi bwemerera gukora nta muntu urimo. Gukata plasma bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda nko mu modoka, mu nganda, mu bwubatsi no mu gukata, gukata no gutobora ibice by'ibyuma n'ibice byabyo.

8. Imashini ya CNC isohora umuriro w'amashanyarazi

Imashini ya CNC ikoresha amashanyarazi, izwi kandi nka EDM (electrolyte discharge machining) cyangwa spark erosion CNC machine, ikoresha uburyo bwa thermoelectric bw'amatara y'amashanyarazi mu gukata ibikoresho biyobora amashanyarazi.

Ikora ikoresheje imirasire y'amashanyarazi ikorwa binyuze mu itandukaniro ry'amashanyarazi hagati ya electrode ebyiri - electrode y'ibikoresho n'ibikoresho by'akazi - kugira ngo ikureho ibintu bike binyuze mu gushonga no guhumeka. Amazi yakuwemo iy'iyoni akoreshwa mu gukuraho imyanda.

Ku mashini ya EDM CNC, electrode y'ibikoresho ihuzwa na sisitemu ya CNC kandi igashyirwa mu mwanya wayo neza kandi ikagenzurwa hakurikijwe inzira z'ibikoresho zateguwe. Ibi bituma imiterere y'ibice bya 3D ikorwa mu byuma bikomeye n'ibyuma bigoye gukata hakoreshejwe uburyo gakondo.

Zimwe mu nyungu z'ingenzi z'imashini za EDM CNC zirimo ubushobozi bwo gukora ibikoresho bikomeye cyane, gukora ibice bifite ubuhanga bwo hejuru cyane no kurangiza neza ubuso, no gukata imyobo n'imiterere y'imbere mu buryo bugoye.

Ikoreshwa risanzwe ririmo ibimera, ibyuma, ibice by’indege n’ibikoresho byo kubaga bitewe n’uko inzira idakora kandi igatanga imbaraga nke za mekanike ku gikoresho. Imashini za EDM CNC zikwiriye cyane mu gukora ibice bigoye mu buryo buke.

9. Dore ingingo z'ingenzi ku mashini isya CNC:

1. - Imashini isya CNC ikoresha inziga izenguruka kugira ngo ikate kandi ishyiremo ibice by'icyuma mu buryo bwo gushwanyagurika.
2. - Uruziga rusya, ubusanzwe rukozwe muri diyama cyangwa CBN (cubic boron nitride), rukuraho uduce duto tw'icyuma iyo ruhuye n'icyo gikoresho. Hakenewe kugenzura neza kugira ngo habeho ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu bikomeye.
3. - Ku mashini isya ya CNC, uruziga n'agakoresho bishyirwa neza kandi bigatwarwa na sisitemu ya CNC hakurikijwe kode yateguwe. Ibi bituma porogaramu zikomeye za 3D zikorwa mu buryo bwikora.
4. - Ibikorwa bisanzwe byo gusya birimo gusya mu buryo bwa cylindrical (ubuso bwo hanze cyangwa imbere), gusya hejuru (ubuso burambuye), gusya hagati no gusya mu buryo bwa porofayivu.
5. - Ibice byakozwe mu mashini zisya za CNC bisaba ubuhanga buhanitse cyane no kurangiza neza ubuso. Akenshi ni ibice by'ikoranabuhanga nk'ibyuma bipima neza, imipira, n'ibikoresho.
6. - Inganda zikoresha CNC grinding zirimo imodoka, indege, ubuvuzi n'inganda rusange aho kwihanganira ibintu bikomeye ari ingenzi.
7. - Ibyiza kuruta gusya bisanzwe birimo gukora neza uko bisanzwe, kugenzura ibintu byinshi hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo gusya imiterere n'imiterere bigoye bitagenzuwe.

Muri make rero, imashini isya CNC ikora neza ibice by'icyuma binyuze mu buryo bwikora bwo gutunganya amapine akoreshwa mu buryo bwa mudasobwa bugenzurwa na sisitemu yo kugenzura imibare.

10. Dore ingingo z'ingenzi ku mashini ya CNC ifite impinduka mu buryo bwikora:

1. - Ifite ikinyamakuru/carousel ifata ibikoresho byinshi nko gutobora, inganda, router nibindi hafi y'aho imashini ikorera.
2. - Imashini ihindura ibikoresho ikoresheje ikoranabuhanga ryemerera gusimbuza ibikoresho byihuse kandi byikora uko bikenewe mu gihe cyo gukora imashini za CNC nta gukoresha intoki.
3. - Ibi byongera umusaruro cyane binyuze mu kugabanya igihe cyo kudakoresha ibikoresho bikoreshwa n'intoki. Ibice bigoye bisaba ibikoresho byinshi bishobora gukorwa mu mashini nta guhagarika igikorwa.
4. - Ibikoresho bifatwa/bihindurwa mu buryo bwa roboti bivuye mu kinyamakuru bigashyirwa ku mugozi hakoreshejwe ukuboko kwihindura igikoresho hifashishijwe uburyo bwa CNC.
5. - Yongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibikoresho by'imashini burenga igikoresho kimwe, bigatuma ikora ibice bigoye cyane idakoresheje ibikoresho byongeye gukoreshwa n'intoki.
6. - Ibikoresho byangiritse cyangwa byashaje bishobora gusimbuzwa icyarimwe nta guhagarika umusaruro wose. Ibi byongera ubwizerwe n'igihe cyo gukora.
7. - Gupima ibikoresho byikora bishobora kandi gushoboka kugira ngo hamenyekane neza imiterere y'ishusho nyuma ya buri mpinduka.
8. - Bituma imashini za CNC zikora neza cyane, zigatanga amatara adakora cyangwa adakora abantu, nta ngaruka mbi zitangwa n'abantu.

Muri make rero, guhindura ibikoresho byikora byongera ubworoherane n'umusaruro w'imashini za CNC.