Mitundu 10 ya Makina a CNC

Kodi chida cha makina a CNC ndi chiyani?

Chida cha makina cha CNC ndi chida cha makina chomwe chingawongoleredwe ndi pulogalamu ya pakompyuta. Chimatha kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana zovuta zogwirira ntchito molingana ndi mapulogalamu okonzekera kale. CNC ndi chidule cha "Computer Numerical Control", chomwe ndi computer number control.

Makina opangira CNC ndi njira yopangira zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito zida zamakina zoyendetsedwa ndi kompyuta kuchotsa zinthu zogwirira ntchito kuti zipange ziwalo. Nthawi zambiri, zida zamakina a CNC zimakonza zokha njira yopangira zinthuzo kutengera chitsanzo cha CAD cha magawo atatu ndikuwongolera chidacho kuti chidulire njirayo kuti chikwaniritse mawonekedwe a gawolo.

Nkhaniyi ifotokoza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida zamakina a CNC ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito.

1. Makina a CNC a Router

Makina a CNC a rauta ali ngati mphero ya CNC koma nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zofewa ndipo nthawi zambiri samakhala olondola kwambiri kuposa CNC Mills. Ma rauta a CNC amadziwika kuti amatha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowongolera manambala zamakompyuta poyendetsa njira za spindle ndi zida zama makina popanga ndi kupanga zinthu monga matabwa, chitsulo, thovu, zophatikizika, aluminiyamu, ndi pulasitiki.

Ma router a CNC nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma stepper motors, ma stepper drivers, makina oyambira, spindle, ma controller, ndi magetsi. Ma router a CNC amathandiza kuchepetsa kutayika, kuwonjezera kupanga ndi kulondola, komanso kupanga zinthu mwachangu.

2. Makina Obowola CNC

 Makina obowola a CNC amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina omwe amafunika kupanga mabowo ozungulira mu workpiece kudzera mu kubowola. Amagwiritsa ntchito ma drill bits ozungulira omwe kapangidwe kake kamalola zitsulo zotayidwa, zotchedwa ma chips, kugwa kuchokera ku workpiece panthawi yopanga mabowo.

Pali mitundu ingapo yodziwika bwino ya ma drill bits omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi makina obowola a CNC, iliyonse yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana. Mitunduyi ikuphatikizapo ma drill owonera mabowo oyambira, ma drill obowola mabowo akuya, ma screw machine drill obowola mabowo enieni, ndi ma chucking reamers kuti amalize mabowo kukula komwe mukufuna.

Monga makina ena a CNC, makina obowola a CNC amagwiritsa ntchito makina owongolera manambala a pakompyuta kuti aziyendetsa njira yobowola. Amatsogolera malo obowola ndi njira zoyendera malinga ndi njira zokonzedweratu za zida. Izi zimathandiza kuti kubowola mabowo angapo molondola komanso kubwerezabwereza. Makina obowola a CNC ndi othandiza pamene zigawo zambiri zimafuna mapangidwe ofanana a mabowo kapena kukula komwe kumapangidwa kudzera mu njira zobowola zokha.

3. Makina a CNC a Lathe

Makina a Lathe CNC amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina omwe amaphatikizapo kutembenuza kapena kupanga mawonekedwe a zogwirira ntchito zozungulira. Amagwiritsa ntchito zida zodulira za mfundo imodzi zomwe kapangidwe kake kamasiyana malinga ndi momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, monga kukanda, kumaliza, kuyang'ana, kuluka, kupanga, kudula pansi, kudula pakati, ndi kukulitsa.

Makina a Lathe CNC amadzipangira okha njira yozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito makina owerengera a pakompyuta. Amatsogolera malo ndi mayendedwe a zida zodulira malinga ndi njira zokonzedweratu za zida. Izi zimathandiza kuti mawonekedwe ndi ma geometri ovuta apangidwe kuchokera ku zida zogwirira ntchito zozungulira molondola komanso mobwerezabwereza.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma lathe a CNC oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi monga ma lathe a turret oyenera kupanga zinthu zambiri ndi kusintha zida zokha, ma lathe a injini ogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zambiri, ndi ma lathe apadera opangidwira ma geometries kapena zipangizo zinazake.

Njira yosinthira makina a CNC imawonjezera kupanga bwino kuposa makina opangidwa ndi manja mwa kulola kuti ntchito yopanda munthu ichitike komanso kupanga zinthu zingapo motsatira malamulo enieni. Makina a CNC a Lathe ndi othandiza kwambiri m'mafakitale opanga magalimoto, ndege ndi zinthu zolondola kumene zinthu zambiri zosinthidwa ziyenera kupangidwa molondola komanso moyenera.

4. Makina a CNC a 5-Axis

Makina a CNC okhala ndi ma axis 5 amawonjezera mphamvu za makina opukutira achikhalidwe okhala ndi ma axis atatu powonjezera ma axel awiri ozungulira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ma geometries ovuta agwiritsidwe ntchito kamodzi kokha.

Kuwonjezera pa ma axe atatu olunjika (X, Y, Z) oikira chida chodulira, makina a CNC a 5-axis amaphatikiza ma axe awiri ozungulira pa spindle yodulira kapena tebulo lopendekera/lozungulira. Izi zimapereka madigiri ena awiri a ufulu woikira ntchito.

Mwa kupotoza ndi kuzungulira chogwirira ntchito (tebulo la trunnion), makina a 5-axis amalola chida chodulira kuti chifike ndikuyika nkhope zisanu za prismatic workpiece pa ngodya za madigiri 90 popanda kufunikira kubwezeretsanso workpiece pakati pa ntchito.

Ma axel awiri owonjezera ozungulira (omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa A-axis ndi C-axis) amawongolera kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a makina pochotsa kufunikira kwa ma clamping ndi ma settings angapo. Ma geometries ovuta monga mawonekedwe ojambulidwa amatha kupangidwa ndi makina opangidwa ndi clamping imodzi pa makina a CNC a 5-axis.

Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale a ndege, ma die/mold ndi azachipatala komwe zinthu zovuta zimakhala zofala. Makina a CNC a 5-axis amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga ziboliboli chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake kopanga malo osasunthika.

5. Makina Opangira Miyala a CNC

Makina odulira a CNC amagwiritsa ntchito zida zodulira zozungulira kuti apange mawonekedwe abwino komanso zida zogwirira ntchito zamakina. Zida zodulira zofala zimaphatikizapo mphero zomaliza, mphero zozungulira, ndi mphero za chamfer, zomwe zimatha kuyendetsedwa molunjika kapena molunjika kutengera momwe mphero imagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Makina a Milling CNC amayendetsa njira yopangira mphero pogwiritsa ntchito makina owongolera manambala a pakompyuta. Amatsogolera malo a chida chodulira ndi njira yoyendetsera malinga ndi njira zoyendetsera zida zomwe zakonzedwa. Izi zimathandiza kuti ma profiles ovuta ndi geometries apangidwe kuchokera ku zipangizo zopangira kapena zotayidwa bwino komanso zobwerezabwereza.

Makina opukutira a CNC, omwe amatchedwanso makina opukutira kapena mphero, amapezeka m'njira yolunjika komanso yowongoka. Makina oyambira a CNC amapereka ma axe atatu oyenda (X, Y, Z), pomwe mitundu yapamwamba kwambiri imaphatikizapo ma axe ena ozungulira kuti azitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya makina opera a CNC ndi monga mphero zamanja za zigawo zazing'ono, mphero wamba kapena woyimirira wa makina wamba, mphero zapadziko lonse zoyenera ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndi mphero zapadziko lonse zomwe zimapereka kusinthasintha kwakukulu kudzera mu nkhwangwa zinayi kapena zisanu.

Njira yopangira mphero ya CNC imawonjezera kupanga bwino kuposa mphero zamanja. Imalola kupanga zinthu zopanda anthu komanso zambiri zopangidwa ndi mphero kukhala zolimba. Makina opangira mphero a CNC amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale opanga zida zopangira zitsulo, pulasitiki, matabwa, zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zina.

6. Makina Odulira a CNC a Laser

 Makina odulira a laser a CNC amagwiritsa ntchito laser yamphamvu kwambiri kudula zinthu mwa kuzisungunula, kuziwotcha, kapena kuzitentha ndi nthunzi. Imalola kudula bwino mapangidwe ndi ma profiles ovuta.

Mitundu ikuluikulu ya laser yamafakitale yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakina odulira laser ndi iyi:

- Ma laser a CO2: Imodzi mwa ma laser a gasi odziwika bwino omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wosakaniza wa carbon dioxide. Yoyenera kudula zinthu zopanda zitsulo monga matabwa, pulasitiki, nsalu. Ikhozanso kudula zitsulo zina zofewa.

- Ma laser olimba: Kawirikawiri ma laser a Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (YAG) amagwiritsa ntchito Neodymium ngati chinthu chogwira ntchito. Amphamvu kwambiri kuposa ma laser a CO2 ndipo amatha kudula zitsulo zokhuthala komanso zolimba.

- Ma laser a fiber: Mtundu watsopano wa laser wokhazikika wokhala ndi kuwala kwapamwamba kwambiri. Wothandiza kwambiri podula zitsulo molondola.

Makina a CNC odulira laser amawongolera kuwala kwa laser malinga ndi njira zoyendetsera mapulogalamu pogwiritsa ntchito ma xy gantries ndi CNC control. Kukula kofanana kwa ntchito kumayambira pa desktop mpaka makina akuluakulu.

Laser imapereka kudula koyera bwino komanso kolondola kwambiri komanso malo ochepa omwe kutentha kumakhudza. Imalola kudula zinthu zosiyanasiyana modabwitsa. Kudula laser kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu, kupanga zitsanzo, komanso m'mafakitale a magalimoto/mlengalenga.

7. Makina Odulira Madzi a M'magazi a CNC

Makina odulira plasma CNC amagwiritsa ntchito tochi ya plasma kudula zinthu zoyendetsera magetsi. Imagwira ntchito podutsa mpweya wamphamvu kwambiri, monga mpweya kapena mpweya, kudzera mu nozzle ndikupanga mzere wamagetsi pansi pa tochi womwe umayika mpweyawo mu mtsinje wa plasma woyendetsa magetsi.

Madzi a plasma amasamutsa kutentha ndi magetsi ku zinthu zogwirira ntchito, ndikudula mwa kusungunula ndi kupsa. Zipangizo zomwe zimadulidwa pamakina odulira plasma ndi monga chitsulo, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, aluminiyamu, mkuwa ndi mkuwa.

Pa makina odulira plasma a CNC, tochi ya plasma imayendetsedwa ndi makina a CNC malinga ndi njira zoyendetsera zida. Izi zimathandiza kudula bwino mawonekedwe ovuta a 2D ndi 3D kuchokera ku chitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito kompyuta.

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa makina a CNC odulira plasma ndi monga kutha kudula zinthu zokhuthala, kudula bwino komanso madera osakhudzidwa ndi kutentha, komanso kuthamanga kwachangu podulira. Ndi oyenera kupanga, kukonza ndi kukonza zinthu.

Dongosolo la CNC limapereka kudula kodziyimira palokha, kobwerezabwereza ndipo limalola kuti ntchito yodula plasma igwire ntchito mopanda anthu. Kudula plasma kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale monga magalimoto, kupanga, kupanga zombo ndi zomangamanga podula, kuphimba ndi kukumba zitsulo ndi zigawo zake.

8. Makina Otulutsa Magetsi a CNC

Makina a CNC otulutsa magetsi, omwe amadziwikanso kuti EDM (magetsi otulutsa magetsi) kapena makina a CNC otulutsa spark erosion, amagwiritsa ntchito njira ya thermoelectric ya ma spark amagetsi kudula zinthu zoyendetsera magetsi.

Imagwira ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwa kudzera mu kusiyana kwa mphamvu zamagetsi pakati pa ma electrode awiri - electrode ya zida ndi zinthu zogwirira ntchito - kuti ziwononge zinthu zochepa kudzera mu kusungunuka ndi kupsa. Madzi osungunuka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa zinyalala.

Pa makina a EDM CNC, ma electrode a zida amalumikizidwa ku makina a CNC ndipo amaikidwa bwino ndikuwongoleredwa motsatira njira zoyendetsera zida. Izi zimathandiza kuti mawonekedwe ovuta a 3D apangidwe kuchokera ku zitsulo zolimba ndi ma alloy omwe ndi ovuta kudula pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachikhalidwe.

Ubwino wina waukulu wa makina a EDM CNC ndi monga kutha kupanga zinthu zolimba kwambiri, kupanga ziwalo molondola kwambiri komanso zomaliza pamwamba, komanso kudula mabowo ndi ma profiles ovuta mkati.

Ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo nkhungu, ma dies, zida zoyendera ndege ndi ma implants opareshoni chifukwa chakuti njirayi siikhudzana ndi chinthucho ndipo imapanga mphamvu zochepa zamakina pa chinthucho. Makina a EDM CNC ndi oyenera kwambiri popanga zinthu zovuta zochepa.

9. Nazi mfundo zazikulu zokhudza Machine Yopera CNC:

1. - Makina opukutira a CNC amagwiritsa ntchito gudumu lozungulira lokhakhala kuti adule ndi kupanga ziwalo zachitsulo kudzera mu njira yopalira.
2. - Gudumu lopukusira lokhala ndi mphamvu, lomwe nthawi zambiri limapangidwa ndi diamondi kapena CBN (cubic boron nitride), limachotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tachitsulo likakhudzidwa ndi chogwirira ntchito. Kuwongolera koyenera kumafunika kuti pakhale kulekerera kolimba.
3. - Pa makina opukutira a CNC, gudumu lopukutira ndi chogwirira ntchito zimayikidwa bwino ndikusunthidwa ndi makina a CNC motsatira malamulo okonzedwa. Izi zimathandiza kuti ma profiles ovuta a 3D apukutidwe okha.
4. - Ntchito zogayira zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kugayira chozungulira (kunja kapena mkati), kugayira pamwamba (malo athyathyathya), kugayira kopanda pakati ndi kugayira mawonekedwe.
5. - Zigawo zopangidwa ndi makina opukutira a CNC zimafuna kulondola kwambiri komanso kumalizidwa pamwamba. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zida zolondola monga ma camshaft, ma bearing a mpira, ndi magiya.
6. - Makampani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito CNC grinding akuphatikizapo magalimoto, ndege, zamankhwala ndi kupanga zinthu zambiri komwe kulekerera kwambiri ndikofunikira.
7. - Ubwino woposa kupukusa kwachizolowezi ndi monga kulondola kobwerezabwereza, kulamulira kwa ma axis ambiri komanso kuthekera kopukusa mizere ndi ma profiles ovuta popanda kuyang'aniridwa.

Mwachidule, makina opukutira a CNC amapanga bwino zigawo zachitsulo kudzera mu makina opukutira mawilo opangidwa ndi makina owongolera manambala a pakompyuta.

10. Nazi mfundo zazikulu zokhudza Makina a CNC Omwe Ali ndi Kusintha kwa Zida Zokha:

1. - Ili ndi magazini ya zida/carousel yomwe imasunga zida zingapo monga zobowolera, mphero, ma rauta ndi zina zotero pafupi ndi malo ogwirira ntchito a makina.
2. - Chosinthira zida zokha chimalola kusintha zida mwachangu komanso mwachangu ngati pakufunika panthawi yokonza CNC popanda kugwiritsa ntchito manja.
3. - Izi zimathandizira kwambiri kupanga zinthu mwa kuchepetsa nthawi yosadula poyerekeza ndi kusintha kwa zida zamanja. Zigawo zovuta zomwe zimafuna zida zambiri zimatha kupangidwa popanda kuyimitsa ntchitoyi.
4. - Zipangizo zimatengedwa/kusinthidwa kuchokera mu magazini pogwiritsa ntchito robotic ndikuyikidwa pa spindle pogwiritsa ntchito mkono wosinthira zida wokha pansi pa CNC control.
5. - Zimawonjezera mphamvu yonyamulira zida za makina kupitirira chida chimodzi, zomwe zimathandiza kukonza zida zovuta popanda kuyikanso zida pamanja.
6. - Zida zosweka kapena zosweka zitha kusinthidwa nthawi yomweyo popanda kuletsa ntchito yonse. Izi zimathandizira kudalirika komanso nthawi yogwira ntchito.
7. - Kuyesa zida zokha kungakhale kotheka kuti zitsimikizire kulondola kwa mawonekedwe pambuyo pa kusintha kulikonse.
8. - Zimathandizira makina opangira ma CNC kupanga magetsi osavuta/opanda anthu popanda kulowererapo kwa anthu ambiri.

Mwachidule, kusintha zida zokha kumathandizira kusinthasintha ndi kupanga bwino kwa makina a CNC.