Mitundu itatu ya zipangizo zopepuka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafakitale

Chitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha mtengo wake wabwino kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale ndi makhalidwe abwino. Koma pazinthu zambiri, chitsulo chokhala ndi kulemera kwa magalamu 7.8 pa sentimita imodzi chimakhala cholemera kale. Pakadali pano, opanga mapulani ayenera kufunafuna zipangizo zina kuti apeze zopepuka. Ngakhale kuti pulasitiki imatha kuchepetsa kulemera, zitsulo zopepuka ndizopadera chifukwa cha kutchuka kwawo komanso mphamvu zawo.

 

Zitsulo zopepuka ndi zinthu zotayidwa monga aluminiyamu, titaniyamu ndi magnesium nthawi zambiri zimalowa m'malo mwa chitsulo popanga zinthu. Kuti tithandizire kuziyesa, ife'ndalemba mwachidule mbiri yokambirana zabwino, zoyipa ndintchito wambazochitika za chinthu chilichonse. Kuzimvetsa poziyerekeza kungathandize kusankha kapangidwe ka zinthu.

 

#1 Titaniyamu - 42% yopepuka kuposa chitsulo

 

Popeza ndi chinthu cholimba kwambiri komanso cholimba cha alloy, titaniyamu ili ndi mphamvu kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya zitsulo, zokwanira kukhala pamwamba. Kuwonjezera pa mphamvu zake zabwino kwambiri, titaniyamu imakhalanso ndi kukana dzimbiri komanso kukhazikika bwino m'malo otentha kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwake bwino ndi zamoyo, titaniyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipangizo zachipatala zomwe zimafuna kuikidwa m'thupi la munthu kwa nthawi yayitali. Komabe, titaniyamu ilinso ndi zovuta zina.

 

Titaniyamu ili ndi kuchuluka kwa magalamu 4.51 pa sentimita imodzi, yomwe ili pamwamba pa zipangizo zitatu zopepuka zomwe tidayambitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, mtengo wokonza titaniyamu ndi wapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa zitatuzi. Chifukwa chake, titaniyamu nthawi zambiri imasungidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito zomwe zimafuna mphamvu zambiri komanso moyo wautali wa ntchito.

 

Kugwiritsa ntchito titaniyamu nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo:

• Zipangizo zamankhwala zomwe zimafuna kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, mwachitsanzo, ziyenera kukhala ndi kukana bwino kwa asidi ndi alkali.
• Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zachipatala zomwe zimayikidwa m'thupi la munthu ndipo zimafunika kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, monga ma prostheses, ndi zina zotero.
• Makampani opanga ndege amafuna zinthu zomwe zimafuna zopepuka komanso zolimba.
• Zombo ndi zida zankhondo zimafuna zinthu zomwe sizingawonongeke ndi dzimbiri.

 

 

#2 Aluminiyamu - 65% yopepuka kuposa chitsulo

 

Kuchuluka kwa aluminiyamu kuli pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kuposa chitsulo (2.70g/cm3), ndipo pakadali pano ndi chitsulo chopanda chitsulo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Aluminiyamu imapirira dzimbiri bwino, ndipo ma alloy ena a aluminiyamu ndi olimba ngati chitsulo cha kaboni. Ngakhale aluminiyamu ndi yokwera mtengo kuposa chitsulo, imakhala yotsika mtengo kuposa magnesium ndi titaniyamu.

 

Aluminiyamu imatha kupanga bwino kwambiri komanso kusinthasintha, ndipo mphamvu zake zolumikizira zinthu ndi zabwino kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, aluminiyamu imakhalanso ndi mphamvu zambiri zodulira, kutentha kwambiri komanso mphamvu zamagetsi. Komabe, aluminiyamu imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zodulira ndipo chiŵerengero chake cha mphamvu ndi kulemera sichabwino ngati titaniyamu. Kuphatikiza apo, aluminiyamu sigwira ntchito bwino m'malo otentha kwambiri monga momwe imachitira m'malo otentha kwambiri. Malo osungunuka a aluminiyamu ndi magnesium ndi 660°C ndi 650°C motsatana.

 

Popeza aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, ntchito zake zazikulu ndi izi:

• Zigawo zamagetsi ndi mawaya.
• Radiator yokhala ndi mphamvu zotenthetsera komanso zoziziritsira bwino.
• Ma fuselage a ndege ndi zinthu zina zambiri zoyendetsera ndege.
• Zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu monga mipando ndi ziwiya zakukhitchini zimakhala zolimba komanso zotsika mtengo.
• Zinthu zomangira nyumba monga ma plailing ndi siding.
• Zida zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu ndi zotayidwa zamagalimoto.

 

 

#3 Magnesium - 77% yopepuka kuposa chitsulo

 

Poyerekeza ndi aluminiyamu, magnesium ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri. Koma poyerekeza ndi titaniyamu, magnesium ndi yotsika mtengo kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, magnesium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana komwe kumafunika nyumba zopepuka. Magnesium yokha imatha kukhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri komanso mankhwala, ndipo si yolimba ngati zitsulo zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Komabe, ukadaulo wamakono wa magnesium alloy ndi njira zochizira pamwamba zakweza kwambiri mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa zinthu za magnesium.

 

Zipangizo za magnesium n'zosavuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito pamakina, koma chifukwa cha chiopsezo chachikulu cha kuphulika kwa fumbi, nthawi zambiri zimatha kukonzedwa m'ma workshop okhala ndi malo ogwirira ntchito akatswiri osapsa fumbi. Mosiyana ndi zitsulo zina, magnesium ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zoyamwa kugunda kwamphamvu, zomwe zimachepetsa kugwedezeka kwa zida zolondola. Magnesium imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'malo omwe amafunikira kupepuka kwambiri kapena mphamvu zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwake ndi 1.74g/cm3 yokha.

 

Ntchito zinazake zikuphatikizapo:

Zinthu zofunika tsiku ndi tsiku monga masutukesi ndi makwerero; zida zamasewera ndi zosangalatsa zapamwamba monga mafelemu a njinga; zinthu zopepuka mu zida zankhondo; zinthu zamagalimoto zapamwamba monga mawilo a magnesium alloy ndi ma gearbox. Monga chinthu chopepuka chachitsulo, magnesium imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'magawo awa.

 

Nkhaniyi ikupereka ndemanga yofananira yokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zitatu zopepuka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri - titaniyamu, magnesium ndi aluminiyamu - pochepetsa kulemera kwa zinthu.

Titaniyamu imakhala yolimba kwambiri, koma ndi yokwera mtengo komanso yovuta kuikonza. Magnesium ndi yopepuka ndipo imasakanizidwa ndi zinthu zina kuti iwonjezere mphamvu ndi magwiridwe antchito. Aluminiyamu ndiye aloyi yopanda chitsulo yotsika mtengo kwambiri yokhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

 

Kusankha chitsulo kumadalira mtengo, mphamvu, ndi kulimba kwa chinthucho. Zitsulo zonse zitatuzi ndi zabwino kwambiri pochepetsa kulemera kwa chinthucho, motero zimawonjezera magwiridwe antchito ndi kumveka bwino kwa chinthucho. Kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi, zatchulidwa kuti ngati mukufuna kupanga zinthu zopepuka, mutha kufunsa akatswiri okonza zinthu omwe amaperekedwa ndi masitolo ogulitsa titaniyamu, aluminiyamu ndi zinthu zina.